Data Types in Python

Python has several built-in data types that store different types of data. Understanding these types is essential for effective programming.

1. Variables in Python

Variables store data values in memory. In Python, variable names can consist of letters, numbers, and underscores but cannot start with a number.

Declaring Variables

x = 5        # Integer
name = "Janak"  # String
pi = 3.14    # Float
is_active = True  # Boolean

Multiple Assignments

a, b, c = 10, 20, "Python"
print(a, b, c)  # 10 20 Python

Constants (By Convention)

Python does not have built-in constant support, but constants are usually declared in uppercase.

PI = 3.14159
GRAVITY = 9.8

2. Numeric Types

Python provides three numeric types:

1. int: Used to store whole numbers.
2. float: Used to store decimal numbers.
3. complex: Used to store complex numbers.

# Example of Numeric Types
x = 10  # int
y = 3.14  # float
z = 2 + 3j  # complex
 
print(type(x))  # <class 'int'>
print(type(y))  # <class 'float'>
print(type(z))  # <class 'complex'>

3. Sequence Types

Sequence types store multiple values in an ordered manner.

a. List

Lists are mutable and can store mixed data types.

my_list = [1, 2.5, "hello"]
print(my_list[1])  # 2.5

b. Tuple

Tuples are immutable sequences.

tuple_example = (10, 20, 30)
print(tuple_example[0])  # 10

c. Range

Represents an immutable sequence of numbers.

for i in range(5):
    print(i)  # 0 1 2 3 4

4. Text Type

String

Strings store text and are immutable.

text = "Hello, Python!"
print(text.upper())  # HELLO, PYTHON!

5. Set Types

Sets store unique elements.

a. Set

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 3}
print(my_set)  # {1, 2, 3}

b. FrozenSet

Immutable version of a set.

frozen = frozenset([1, 2, 3])
print(frozen)

6. Mapping Type

Dictionary

Stores key-value pairs.

dict_example = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
print(dict_example["name"])  # Alice

7. Boolean Type

Boolean values can be True or False.

is_python_fun = True
print(type(is_python_fun))  # <class 'bool'>

8. Binary Types

Used for handling binary data.

a. Bytes

Immutable sequence of bytes.

b = b"hello"
print(type(b))  # <class 'bytes'>

b. Bytearray

Mutable version of bytes.

ba = bytearray(5)
print(ba)  # bytearray(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')

c. Memoryview

Memory-efficient handling of binary data.

mv = memoryview(b"hello")
print(mv[0])  # 104

Conclusion

Python provides diverse data types for handling different kinds of data efficiently. Understanding variables and data types ensures efficient and effective programming.